Here are some quotes from another thread, from “sportsintegrityiniative” articles, that don’t really belong there, but are better included here, suggesting that the problem isn’t the CAS decision, but the WADA code itself, which was changed to shift the burden of proving “unintentional” to the athletes. It’s estimated that this applies to 5-15% of doping cases, or as high as 40-60% by a USOC ombudsman.
Some more quotes:
(Tygart): “… the Code in certain cases, railroads innocent athletes into four year sanctions. At our last count, we recorded 27 cases where athletes did absolutely nothing wrong but were treated like intentional cheats.”
“As Tygart highlights, the Code treats athletes as guilty of a doping offence unless they can prove that they are innocent.”
“As a result, that 0.6% (of ADRVs) also includes athletes that were sanctioned as they couldn’t conclusively prove that they are innocent. Assessing intent in anti-doping is hugely problematic, as an athlete’s first line of defence will always be that they didn’t intentionally cheat. However from conversations with NADOs over the years, it is estimated that somewhere between 5% and 15% of cases are considered unintentional.”
More quotes from another sportsintegrityinitiative link about the recent history of “intent”, and the shifting of the burden of “intent” to the athlete:
“Proving intentional doping is notoriously difficult.”
“This difficulty in proving intent was why the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) abandoned the ‘aggravating circumstances’ provision within the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code that allowed the standard two-year ban to be scaled up to four years. The burden of proof in establishing ‘aggravating circumstances’ was so high that it was almost never used. Instead, the 2015 Code opted for a standard sanction of four years that could be reduced down if – for example – an athlete could prove that use of a substance was non-intentional.”
“In effect, the 2015 Code reversed the burden of proof from innocent until proven guilty. An athlete is now considered guilty unless they can prove that they are innocent.”
“This is dangerous to athletes.”
“Not every athlete that is sanctioned for doping intends to cheat.”
“For the same reasons that it is difficult to prove intentional doping, it is difficult to put an exact figure on the number of athletes sanctioned for doping who did not intend to cheat.”
“At Tacking Doping in Sport 2013, Athlete Ombudsman for the US Olympic Committee (USOC) John Ruger said that between 40% and 60% of US doping cases are inadvertent – i.e. non-intentional.”